延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞:
動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式,動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長短,分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)詞是一種延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)詞可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep, have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞,表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù),即動(dòng)作發(fā)生立即結(jié)束,產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。在有了某種結(jié)果之后,就不能再繼續(xù)下去。如:leave,start,set out,arrive,reach,get to,begin, stop,shut,turn off,marry,put,put on,get up,wake,fall,join,receive, finish,end,complete,become,come,go,die,close,open,break,give, jump,buy,borrow等。
1.終止性動(dòng)詞的用法
1)終止性動(dòng)詞可用來表示某一動(dòng)作的完成,因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:The plane has arrived飛機(jī)到了。
I have finished my homework.我已完成了作業(yè)。
2)終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫,不能持續(xù),所以其現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(只限于肯定式)不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如:
①他死了三年了。誤:He has died for three years.
②他來這兒三個(gè)月了。誤:he has come here for three months.
①②兩句中的動(dòng)詞die和come都為終止性動(dòng)詞,它們可用于完成時(shí),但不能同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語for three years /months連用。
那這兩句如何譯成英語呢?
我們可采用下列方法:
A.用能夠表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的終止性動(dòng)詞。
如:①He has been dead for three years.
②He has been here for three months.
將短暫性動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語和一段時(shí)間連用,其常用的方法有如下幾種:
a.用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換的主要有:
buy→have,borrow→ keep,come /go /become→be,catch /get a cold→have a cold,get to know→know等。
b.be+名詞:join the Party /League→be a Party /League member, go to school→be a student,join the army→be a soldier等。
c.be+形容詞/副詞:die→be dead,leave→be away(from),put on→be on,finish /end→be over,begin /start→be on,come→be here / in,fall asleep→be asleep,go out→be out等。
d.be+介詞短語:go to school→be in /at school,join the army→ be in the army等。e.去掉短語中的短暫性動(dòng)詞:get to know→know,come to work→work,begin to study→study等。
B.把誤句中表示一段時(shí)間的狀語改為表示過去時(shí)間的狀語,原動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)改為過去時(shí)。如:
①He died three years ago.
②He came here three months ago.
C.用“It is /has been +一段時(shí)間+since(一般過去時(shí))”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:①It is /has been three years since he died.
②It is /has been three months since he came here.
D.用“多長時(shí)間+has passed +since(一般過去時(shí))”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:①Three years has passed since he died.
②Three months has passed since he came here.
3)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式,已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如: I haven't heard from him for two weeks.我已兩個(gè)星期沒收到他的信了.
4)終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式同until一起連用,構(gòu)成“not...until”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“直到……才……”,
表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作直到until所表達(dá)的時(shí)間到來時(shí)才發(fā)生。如:
We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops.
直到雨停了我們才會(huì)去參觀長城。
—When did you go to bed last night?昨晚你幾點(diǎn)鐘點(diǎn)上床睡覺的?
—I didn't go to bed until my father got home.直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺。
5)在while(表示“一段時(shí)間”)引導(dǎo)的從句中,不能用終止性動(dòng)詞,但when可以,因?yàn)閣hen可表示“時(shí)間的點(diǎn)”,也可表示“一段時(shí)間”。
如:誤:While I got to the village,it was dark.
正:When I got to the village,it was dark.
6)終止性動(dòng)詞肯定式的完成時(shí)不能和how long連用。
如:誤:How long have you borrow the book?
可改用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或與when連用的一般過去時(shí)。
正:How long have you kept the book?
正:When did you borrow the book?
2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法
1)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),其完成時(shí)可以同一段時(shí)間狀語連用。
如:I have waited for him for nearly two hours.我等他快兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
2)終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。同樣,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也不能和表示短暫時(shí)間的時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。
如: 誤:It rained at eight yesterday morning. rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而at eight是表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語,顯然矛盾。
如果要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的行為,可以借助come,get, begin等終止性動(dòng)詞來表達(dá)。
上句可改為: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
3)在until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,既可以用肯定形式,也可以用否定形式,但句子含義不同。
試比較:
She listened to the radio until her father came back.
她一直聽收音機(jī)到她父親回來。
She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back.
直到她父親回來才聽收音機(jī)。
【強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練】 (1)My brother ____ the Youth League for two years.
A.has been inB.has entered C.has taken part inD.has joined in
⑵—____have you been away from home?
—(I have been away from home)For five years.
A.How muchB.What time C.How longD.When
(3)The meeting ____ for five hours.
A.has finishedB.has ended C.has been overD.has stopped
(4)When Jack arrived,he and Mary______ for almost an hour.
A.had goneB.had set off C.had leftD.had been away
(5)The baby ____ for eleven hours.
A.fell asleepB.has fallen asleep C.has got to sleep D.has been asleep
(6)While I ____ Beijing,it was raining very hard.
A.got toB.reached C.a(chǎn)rrived inD.visited
(7)—How long have you ____ ?
—Since two years ago.
A.fallen illB.been ill C.left homeD.married
(8)—What was the party like?
—Wonderful.It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A.a(chǎn)fterB.when C.beforeD.since
(9)—It is weeks since he ____ .
—So it is.We'd better ask someone else to help us.
A.fell illB.was ill C.is illD.has been ill
(10)I'll lend you my book,but you can only__it for three days.
A.borrowB.keep C.takeD.got